Physics
Mechanics: Dimensions and Units

                    There is a difference between dimensions and units. A dimension is a measure of a physical variable (without numerical values), while a unit is a way to assign a number or measurement to that dimension.


 For example, length is a dimension, but it is measured in units of feet (ft) or meters (m).

               There is one most common primary unit systems, The International System of Units (SI units, from Le System International d’Unites, more commonly simply called metric units)

                 In total, there are seven primary dimensions. Primary (sometimes called basic) dimensions are defined as independent or fundamental dimensions, from which other dimensions can be obtained.

                 The primary dimensions are: mass, length, time, temperature, electric current, amount of light, and amount of matter. For most mechanical and thermal science analyses, however, only the first four of these are required. The others will not be of concern to most mechanical engineering analyses.


            SI derived units include the hertz , the newton , the pascal (unit of pressure or stress) , the ohm , the farad , the joule , the coulomb , the tesla , the lumen , the becquerel , the siemen , the volt , and the watt .
SI base units:
              
  The meter (abbreviation, m) is the SI unit of displacement or length. One meter is the distance traveled by a ray of electromagnetic (EM) energy through a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 (3.33564095 x 10 -9 ) second. 
  The kilogram (abbreviation, kg) is the SI unit of mass. It is defined as the mass of a particular international prototype made of platinum-iridium and kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. It was originally defined as the mass of one liter (10 -3cubic meter) of pure water.
  The second (abbreviation, s or sec) is the SI unit of time. One second is the time that elapses during 9.192631770 x 10 9 cycles of the radiation produced by the transition between two levels of Cesium 133. 
  The kelvin (abbreviation K), also called the degree Kelvin (abbreviation, o K), is the SI unit of temperature. One Kelvin is 1/273.16 (3.6609 x 10 -3 ) 
  The ampere (abbreviation, A) is the SI unit of electric current. One ampere is the current that would produce a force of 0.0000002 (2 x 10 -7 ) newton between two straight, parallel, perfectly conducting wires having infinite length and zero diameter, separated by one meter in a vacuum.
 The candela (abbreviation, cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity. It is the electromagnetic radiation, in a specified direction, that has an intensity of 1/683 (1.46 x 10 -3 ) watt per steradian.
   
What is F and O in Share Market?

Futures:
                A futures contract is a contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset for a price agreed upon today with delivery and payment occurring at a future point, the delivery date.
                This means you agree to buy or sell the underlying security at a 'future' date. If you buy the contract, you promise to pay the price at a specified time. If you sell it, you must transfer it to the buyer at a specified price in the future.
What is an options contract ?
                  This gives the buyer the right to buy/sell the underlying asset at a predetermined price, within, or at end of a specified period. He is, however, not obligated to do so. The seller of an option is obligated to settle it when the buyer exercises his right.
How can the contract be settled? 
                   The contract will expire on a pre-specified expiry date (for example, it is the last Thursday of the month for equity futures contracts). Upon expiry, the contract must be settled by delivering the underlying asset or cash. You can also roll over the contract to the next month. If you do not wish to hold it till expiry, you can close it mid-way.


Options:
                 An option is a contract which gives the buyer (the owner) the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date. The seller has the corresponding obligation to fulfill the transaction – that is to sell or buy – if the buyer (owner) "exercises" the option. The buyer pays a premium to the seller for this right.
 Leverage: Options help you profit from changes in share prices without putting down the full                    price of the share. You get control over the shares without buying them outright.

  Hedging : They can also be used to protect yourself from fluctuations in the price of a share and            letting you buy or sell the shares at a pre-determined price for a specified period of time.
 Though they have their advantages
            In this trading in options is more complex than trading in regular shares. It calls for a good understanding of trading and investment practices as well as constant monitoring of market fluctuations to protect against losses.
‘CALL’ Option :
                    The ‘Call Option’ gives the holder of the option the right to buy a particular asset at the strike price on or before the expiration date in return for a premium paid upfront to the seller. Call options usually become more valuable as the value of the underlying asset increases. Call options are abbreviated as ‘C’ in online quotes.
Example:
v  Step1:Purchase 1 Lot of TCS May  3000 Call option, Spot price Rs.2900/Share
v  Step2:Pay premium of 25000 or Rs.250/Share          
v  Step3:If spot Price Exceeds Rs.3250,Exercise option
v  Step4:If spot price under Rs.3250 on Expiry, Let option Expire 
                    This means, under this contract, Karthick has the rights to buy one lot of 100 Infosys shares at Rs 3000 per share any time between now and the month of May. He paid a premium of Rs 250 per share. He thus pays a total amount of Rs 25,000 to enjoy this right to sell.
Now, suppose the share price of TCS rises over Rs 3,000 to Rs 3200, Karthick can consider exercising the option and buying at Rs 3,000 per share. He would be saving Rs 200 per share; this can be considered a tentative profit. However, he still makes a notional net loss of Rs 50 per share once you take the premium amount into consideration. For this reason, Karthick may choose to actually exercise the option once the share price crosses Rs 3,250 levels. Otherwise, he can choose to let the option expire without being exercised.
‘PUT’ Option :
             The Put Option gives the holder the right to sell a particular asset at the strike price anytime on or before the expiration date in return for a premium paid up front. Since you can sell a stock at any given point of time, if the spot price of a stock falls during the contract period, the holder is protected from this fall in price by the strike price that is pre-set. This explains why put options become more valuable when the price of the underlying stock falls.
Similarly, if the price of the stock rises during the contract period, the seller only loses the premium amount and does not suffer a loss of the entire price of the asset.
Month
Price
Premium
February (Current month)
Rs 1040 Spot
NA
May
Rs 1050 Put
Rs 10
May
Rs 1070 Put
Rs 30

Karthick buys 1000 shares of Company X Put at a strike price of 1070 and pays
Rs 30 per share as premium. His total premium paid is Rs 30,000.
If the spot price for Company X falls below the Put option Karthick bought, say to Rs 1020; Karthick can safeguard his money by choosing to sell the put option. He will make Rs 50 per share (Rs 1070 minus Rs 1020) on the trade, making a net profit of Rs 20,000 (Rs 50 x 1000 shares – Rs 30,000 paid as premium).
Alternately, if the spot price for Company X rises higher than the Put option, say Rs 1080; he would be at a loss if he decided to exercise the put option at Rs 1070. So, he will choose, in this case, to not exercise the put option. In the process, he only loses Rs 30,000 – the premium amount; this is much lower than if he had exercised his option.
SENSEX..How it is Calculated..?
For the premier Bombay Stock Exchange that pioneered the stock broking activity in India, 128 years of experience seems to be a proud milestone. A lot has changed since 1875 when 318 persons became members of what today is called The Stock Exchange, Mumbai by paying a princely amount of Re 1.


Since then, the country's capital markets have passed through both good and bad periods. The journey in the 20th century has not been an easy one. Till the decade of eighties, there was no scale to measure the ups and downs in the Indian stock market. The Stock Exchange, Mumbai in 1986 came out with a stock index that subsequently became the barometer of the Indian stock market.

Sensex is not only scientifically designed but also based on globally accepted construction and review methodology. First compiled in 1986, Sensex is a basket of 30 constituent stocks representing a sample of large, liquid and representative companies.
The base year of Sensex is 1978-79 and the base value is 100. The index is widely reported in both domestic and international markets through print as well as electronic media.

The Index was initially calculated based on the "Full Market Capitalization" methodology but was shifted to the free-float methodology with effect from September 1, 2003. 
Sensex Calculation Methodology
        Sensex is calculated using the "Free-float Market Capitalization" methodology. As per this methodology, the level of index at any point of time reflects the Free-float market value of 30 component stocks relative to a base period. The market capitalization of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the number of shares issued by the company. This market capitalization is further multiplied by the free-float factor to determine the free-float market capitalization.

The base period of Sensex is 1978-79 and the base value is 100 index points. This is often indicated by the notation 1978-79=100. The calculation of Sensex involves dividing the Free-float market capitalization of 30 companies in the Index by a number called the Index Divisor.
The Divisor is the only link to the original base period value of the Sensex. It keeps the Index comparable over time and is the adjustment point for all Index adjustments arising out of corporate actions, replacement of scrips etc. During market hours, prices of the index scrips, at which latest trades are executed, are used by the trading system to calculate Sensex every 15 seconds and disseminated in real time.

Understanding Free-float Methodology

Free-float Methodology refers to an index construction methodology that takes into consideration only the free-float market capitalisation of a company for the purpose of index calculation and assigning weight to stocks in Index. Free-float market capitalization is defined as that proportion of total shares issued by the company that are readily available for trading in the market.

It generally excludes promoters' holding, government holding, strategic holding and other locked-in shares that will not come to the market for trading in the normal course. In other words, the market capitalization of each company in a Free-float index is reduced to the extent of its readily available shares in the market.

In India, BSE pioneered the concept of Free-float by launching BSE TECk in July 2001 and Bankex in June 2003. While BSE TECk Index is a TMT benchmark, Bankex is positioned as a benchmark for the banking sector stocks. Sensex becomes the third index in India to be based on the globally accepted Free-float Methodology.
SENSEX Example:
Suppose the Index consists of only 2 stocks: Stock A and Stock B.
Suppose company A has 1,000 shares in total, of which 200 are held by the promoters, so that only 800 shares are available for trading to the general public. These 800 shares are the so-called 'free-floating' shares.
Similarly, company B has 2,000 shares in total, of which 1,000 are held by the promoters and the rest 1,000 are free-floating.
Now suppose the current market price of stock A is Rs 120. Thus, the 'total' market capitalisation of company A is Rs 120,000 (1,000 x 120), but its free-float market capitalisation is Rs 96,000 (800 x 120).
Similarly, suppose the current market price of stock B is Rs 200. The total market capitalisation of company B will thus be Rs 400,000 (2,000 x 200), but its free-float market cap is only Rs 200,000 (1,000 x 200).
So as of today the market capitalisation of the index (i.e. stocks A and B) is Rs 520,000 (Rs 120,000 + Rs 400,000); while the free-float market capitalisation of the index is Rs 296,000. (Rs 96,000 + Rs 200,000).
The year 1978-79 is considered the base year of the index with a value set to 100. What this means is that suppose at that time the market capitalisation of the stocks that comprised the index then was, say, 60,000 (remember at that time there may have been some other stocks in the index, not A and B, but that does not matter), then we assume that an index market cap of 60,000 is equal to an index-value of 100.
Thus the value of the index today is = 296,000 x 100/60,000 = 493.33
This is how the Sensex is calculated.
The factor 100/60000 is called index divisor.

The 30 Sensex stocks are:
ACC, Ambuja Cements, Bajaj Auto, BHEL, Bharti Airtel, Cipla, DLF, Grasim Industries, HDFC, HDFC Bank, Hindalco Industries, Hindustan Lever, ICICI Bank, Infosys, ITC, Larsen & Toubro, Mahindra & Mahindra, Maruti Udyog, NTPC, ONGC, Ranbaxy Laboratories, Reliance Communications, Reliance Energy, Reliance Industries, Satyam Computer Services, State Bank of India, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motors, Tata Steel, and Wipro.
How to clear the IAS in first attempt..?

This is a good thing that you want to prepare for the IAS examination from your own. Don't worry about your preparation I’ll give you everything here. I am starting from the scratch and then opening the flow of strategy.
Your exam is I think in June, so you need to start your preparation from today. How I’ll tell you here. First, start your preparation for the mains and don't worry about pre. You can start your preparation for pre from April but in these three months fully dedicated yourself for your aim. You need to focus on a capability to taking the risk. Here risk in the form of other jobs. For example, if you are also prepared for SSC or banks or any other government jobs then left this for UPSC because if you fill other government jobs also then it will loose your focus which is important for your one-time goal which is IAS. You can start your preparation from today with these types of mindset. Before purchasing the book, before going to take advice for this and before anything you need to prepare your mind just like an officer. Here I want to go in deep where I would tell you first for tools for cracking this exam and then about opinion developing mindset with an officer mindset.
Tools- First of all, you need three books which will create your level above the other competitor. These three books are-
1.Polity (DD base), Introduction To The Constitution Of India
2.Economics ( Mishra and puri) Buy Indian Economy
3.History (Bipin Chandra)Buy History of Modern India
First, purchase these three books. These books will create a path of success for you, especially for IAS. So put your heart, mind and soul for completing these books for your future. First, read these books and revise it in every month because if you reading something then also there is a great chance that you forget what you read and if you revise something then you are fully aware of every provision, every law and some aspects of your economy growth along with history. Try to revise these three books at least one time in every month.
Except for these book you need two additional thing which makes your tool in this examination. The first one is NCERT ( the old one is best, New ones is also good) from 9th to 12. Take this and read it first from your own and the second one is Newspaper (The Hindu is best especially for the editorial part). These are the tools just like your equipment for this job.
How to read- Whenever you start your preparation and start reading anything then always use your inquisitiveness to know about thing along with developing Idea, It will help you a lot for answer writing. For example- In today's newspaper “The Hindu” Ms. Madhura and Sonika Gupta writing a long article about the “The One China Principle” which goes circulate around China, Taiwan together with Washington DC. The statement and argument dealing with all the thing which adhered with the Donald trump who gave to china to its supremacy and take one side decision without thinking about the Taiwan which wants some other thing from the President of US. Although I didn't read today's newspaper with focussed mind but here I would tell you that when you reading this during your preparation then think about the things don't read what Monika Gupta says or what Jairam Ramesh said you don't need to think with close mind unless you need to think about the aspect which is required for the US- china Relation ( only when you read this) you can think about things and take your opinion on the behalf of that. If you didn't know something then use your inquisitiveness to know about the political aspects or what is the impact of these things on population or our civil society. You are preparing for being an officer, so you need to be prepared always ethically defensible argument,which is a great need for the job of yours. So, always think after reading everything. during your study, if you think something is tough then give your more time to those particular topics or subjects. Only one thing you need to know that whatever your argument, whatever your decision, everything was helpful for everyone and everyone happy about it, if you are able to create something then this is going to be a better thing for society and its also open a chance for your selection. This is all about your mains. The thing I’ll discuss here is not only for the newspaper but also for the books I would tell you here. Just as you think for the people at the time of reading newspaper as you read your book. When you reading something from the books then try to know what was the reason behind everything for History, for Economy and for Polity, here you also need to know what is the reason behind each and every provision.
Prelims- You can start your preparation with the solve papers. Whatever you are reading notes, books left all this from half April. In April you need to solve question papers of prelims. For prelims take some 60–80 papers and finished them in 60 days. This is the thing required for cracking prelims because you should know everything which you read from Jan to march and you can easily use these things for prelims paper. It became quite easy for you. this is the thing you are required to cracking prelims. For the interview, we are talking about after mains.
Tips- here are some tips which you need during your preparation.
1.     Dont listen to anyone who becomes a hurdle in your path. There is some peoples in our society who would demotivate you. Don't listen to them because if someone tried his best but not success its doesn't mean you are going to fail in your path.
2.Avoid distraction- Avoid all types of distractions. Distractions in the form of Friends, family, girlfriend, boyfriend, Social media, relatives. Cut all of them. Here I didn't mean don't talk to anyone, These people are your support base you can't let anyone but if you can spend time with each and every person on every day then you didn’t left have much time for reading books and as all of you know books are needed our requisite attention, it takes time. You need to manage them with their required respective time.
3. Avoid Bad habits- If you are drinking or smoking then stop this if you are not able to do that then also use to decide a limit for that. Don't cross your limit. If someone comes near to you and says to you that don't do something which was against the nature then you can't stop them to say the “It's your choice” you can't say that because you are now going to be an officer and if you not then no one became an administrator and if not you then no one became an Administrator. So, Why we waste our time in these evil things and you also know that it’ll destroy you, So, why we need it. Hence left it right now.
4. Be social person- A social person is a person who thinks for the people. If you have something then you can give it to your society. You can take it as my example-In 2017 I turned to 22 but except this, I’ve something giving to you, You need something and I have something then what is the problem to share my knowledge to you, After succeeding yourself if you say just two words to me “Thank you” then in that particular moment I would think myself to Top of the world and believe me this is enough for me. I know something (not more than you) for preparing exams and I know the pain of the students who would put their heart mind and soul but except this not selected for the job and always face rejection and its not easy to face rejection courageously, It would happen because the people who would select became dead and not helping the people. I do not blame to everyone because they are also busy on some others work but they have better knowledge than anybody else. So, if you have something then give it to the society this is the quality of the social person. You connect with the people and communicate with them and ask them what problem they face, that'll help you for your examination. You can create more material for your mains through socialism and that is the quality which is needed for administrator.
5. Be happy- Always be happy with what you are doing. If someone trying to demotivate you then trick them back tell them that you are smarter than them from your word. And this is only possible if you are truly happy with your preparation. Always be inquisitive, be happy people yar because you guys are going to work for the people who need you unless you are not satisfying by doing your own work, how could they get satisfaction to getting work done by you. So think about that.
So these are the thing you required for your preparation and if there are yet another thing you want to discuss with me, you can ask it to me on FB for a smooth conversation. Otherwise, I think I’ll discuss everything which I had.
There are many ways to get rich, here are some of the best ones I have found:

Investing in money generating assets
Instead of investing your money in things like a car, a house or material goods, make your money work for you.
This is ultimately the way most rich people spend their money.
For further reading: Rich Dad Poor Dad - by Robert Kiyosaki & The 4-hour workweek - by Timothy Ferris.
Bring more value to the table
For the same reasons as above, invest in your own improvement so you can offer more value which brings more money!
Books, courses, coaching, training, seminars, can all be a great source of improvement!
Learn to sell
If you can sell you can sell anything at any price… or so the theory. In reality you will be able to sell more for a higher price and will be offered jobs left and right!
Build valuable relationships
The idea that you become the average of your 5 closest friends holds true and can be of great value.
Always build relationships with people on a higher level than you. Just know that you will have to give them some value in return, but there are always ways!
How to win friends & influence people - by Dale Carnegie is a great read to improve your ability in this!
Solve problems
Find a problem that needs solving. Look in areas you know of, such as hobbies of yours, courses you took, or generally what you would invest money in.
Then find a way to solve that problem by learning about it and becoming an expert yourself. This gives you experience in the field, stories to share, and allows you to tackle the problems directly!
Become an expert in everything finances
Most people don’t learn about money because they do not have any and it scares them every time they look in their bank account. Money should excite you not scare you!
Learn everything you can about it from how to invest to what you are paying and why you are paying for it. Control your money instead of letting it control you!
Get lucky
Find someone rich to marry or invest in you and just get a lucky break. This does happen, and if you rely on this you will have no responsibility to work for your money.
On the bad end of the stick, this is very unlikely to happen, you will live a life hoping to find someone rich and make them love you for money, which will ultimately result in you being pretty miserable and fake.

Stop being less than you can be and reach your goals. Send me a message saying "Coaching" to work 1 to 1 with me. Lukas Schwekendiek